Since HIV/AIDS is transmitted by sex, it was inevitable that Beyond AIDS would be drawn into rather hot issues involving sex, including an industry in which sex is performed for profit. Since 2010, Beyond AIDS has been actively involved in the controversy about whether porn film actors should be required to use condoms.
Beyond AIDS has had policy in place to support legislation to require condom use in the industry, but in spite of a California legislative hearing in 2004, no such legislation has been introduced. Instead, regulations are now being considered pursuant to current federal law on worker safety, and Beyond AIDS has seized that opportunity to become involved.
Most of the film production has been centered in Los Angeles County, where it is a multi-billion dollar a year industry. As a result, that area and the state of California have become the crucibles of what has become both a political and economic fight of major proportions. Though many conservatives may prefer that the entire industry be banned, its legality, at least in California, is not in question, having been confirmed by the California Supreme Court in 1987, with denial of reconsideration by Justice Sandra Day O'Connor of the U.S. Supreme Court.
The issue of preventing HIV and other infections in the porn film industry probably first came to largescale public attention when an HIV outbreak occurred among porn workers in the 1980s, ultimately causing a number of deaths. That outbreak led to the creation of the Adult Industry Medical (AIM) Healthcare Foundation, which set up a program of testing porn actors in Southern California every 30 days for HIV and several other STDs, with exclusion of infected workers. Nevertheless, positive tests among actors in 1998, 2004, 2009, and 2010 showed that risk had not been eliminated (the L.A. Times claimed in June 2009 that 22 workers had been infected since 2004). The AIM testing program operated until the clinic was shut down in late 2010 for licensing deficiencies. Compounding that setback was an unauthorized disclosure of actor testing results by Porn Wikileaks in 2010, leading to a class action lawsuit against AIM. The foundation was dissolved entirely in May 2011; Porn Wikileaks itself was closed down soon afterward, in July 2011.
The issue continued to simmer until the AIDS Healthcare Foundation (AHF) brought it to the fore in 2009, first by filing a lawsuit against the Los Angeles County Department of Public Health, to take vigorous enforcement action against the industry. AHF accused the department of paying insufficient attention to increased numbers of both HIV and other STD cases among adult-film performers, but the department denied that it had authority to take enforcement action. By June 2011, an appeals court reaffirmed a lower court ruling that declined to overrule the discretion of L.A. county health officer Jonathan Fielding. (An appeal to the California Supreme Court is planned.)
At the end of 2009, AHF tried another approach, proposing that the California Occupational Safety Administration (Cal/OSHA) expand its regulations for the health care industry that require barriers (e.g., gloves) to protect workers against bloodborne pathogens, so as to require condoms as protective barriers for worker safety in the adult film industry. The theory is that the porn industry is similar to the healthcare industry in that workers are unavoidably exposed to certain pathogens (disease-causing agents) unless barriers and other precautions are used. Beyond AIDS has participated since 2010 in the advisory committee set up by Cal/OSHA to advise that agency regarding the development of possible regulations. The Los Angeles Department of Public Health is also supporting a condom regulation, contending that the issue must be addressed at the state level (thus making the county a "strange bedfellow" with the organization that has been suing it).
A consultation group to the industry called the Free Speech Coalition, and AIM (until its dissolution), have countered that the testing program has been relatively effective, keeping sexually transmitted diseases to rates comparable to those of sexually active people with demographics similar to the actors. Irate producers and some vocal actors have also spoken up at meetings and hearings to oppose mandatory condoms, citing economic concerns. They fear that films and videos using condoms will attract fewer customers than those without, causing closure of businesses, loss of jobs, and driving off the business to unregulated countries or underground filmmakers who do not do testing and have fewer protections for workers. Interestingly, though, condom use has become the standard for the production of gay films (which continue to sell well), but not for those depicting heterosexual activity (for which the few films that do show condoms tend to sell poorly).
Not all porn actors oppose mandatory condoms, however. Notable is their advocacy by former actor Derrick Burts, who has emphasized that he contracted HIV despite the testing program. A number of former actresses have testified before Cal/OSHA of abusive conditions, especially for women in the industry, and of contracting multiple infections. One such actress has founded the Pink Cross Foundation to reach out to workers who wish to leave the industry.
Derrick Burts, former porn actor infected with HIV in October 2010, who supports a condom requirement
One of the reasons that Beyond AIDS would like to see condoms used in porn film production, over and above worker safety, is that millions of sexually active people view these films every year, and the unsafe sex that is protrayed produces a bad role model for prevention. Unlike the actors, the customers are not being tested for HIV and other STDs every month. Beyond AIDS supports both the reestablishment of a screening program for the actors and the addition of a requirement for condom use. Protocols for how to manage actors infected with a variety of STDs, including specific restrictions and precautions, have also been suggested.
Denise Bleak, Beyond AIDS lead representative on Cal/OSHA advisory committee
Denise Bleak has openly challenged the actors and producers with provocative appeals at the Cal/OSHA-sponsored meeting. "I ask again, what is the performers' definition of the perfect storm, as far as transmission of infectious diseases, in this venue? It is safer to use what our (infection control) colleagues envision for you, as we watch you (perform)" she has stated. She suggests that condom use and other safety precautions can be utilized in a sexually enticing way. "Think. Imagine, also. Clear condom? Vivid red condoms? Even fake (semen)? In colors? Can there be refinement in the performance for more teasing and less 'pounding and grinding' as one seasoned individual put it?" She noted that condoms could be omitted if both partners were confirmed to have the same diseases, however "the public will likely not enjoy HIV on HIV sex to view." In a reference to the statements in film credits that no animals were harmed in the creation of a movie, she asked that porn films be produced in a manner that could permit a similar statement for humans. "The parallel is for film industry to begin protecting all warm blooded creatures on film, not just the four legged kind. So get it together folks," she said.
Ms. Bleak reflects on the work so far as she continues to appeal to the industry: "Despite my trying to avoid double entendre, some of the work we did at the hearings was unavoidably fun and fulfilling, with the higher purpose in mind, to protect you all and love you a little bit." She has enjoyed being "an equal partner at the table" as a representative of Beyond AIDS.
UPDATE ON THE ADULT FILM REGULATION ISSUE, DECEMBER 1, 2016:
As of World AIDS Day, 2016, the problem of unprotected commercial sex has still not been resolved. Since the original posting of this article on September 10, 2011, Beyond AIDS has continued to support the efforts of the AIDS Healthcare Foundation (AHF) on this issue. There have been several recent areas of developments.
However, in the 2014 legislature, Mr. Hall has introduced a new bill with the same intent, AB 1576, again with the AIDS Healthcare Foundation as the sponsor and Beyond AIDS as a supporter. The new bill required both condoms for performers, and a testing program to include various sexually transmitted diseases. Unfortunately, that bill, too, failed to pass.
Local County Ordinances, Passed but Weakened by Litigation: On November 6, 2012, the voters of Los Angeles County approved a ballot initiative (Measure B), requiring condom use in adult film production, and providing for county regulation of worker safety standards. The AIDS Healthcare Foundation sponsored this initiative, and Beyond AIDS supported the measure, which achieved 57% support in spite of the opposition of major newspapers. No mechanism was put in place for implementation and enforcement, and the county seemed reluctant to take on this new task. Some producers threatened to simply move production to neighboring counties, particularly Ventura County, so that county's Board of Supervisors passed a similar ordinance.
Meanwhile, the future of county enforcement is likely to be made more difficult, because of a court challenge filed in January 2013 by Vivid Entertainment and two performers. On August 17, 2013, U.S. District Court Judge Dean Pregerson issued what has been called a split decision in that case. On the one hand, the judge upheld the requirements that adult film productions receive permits from the county, that performers must use condoms, and that criminal charges could be brought against violators. On the other hand, he threw out other provisions that he determined would permit too much discretion to the county Department of Public Health in denying permits, and in inspecting film production for enforcement purposes.
“The department is given no guidance as to what types of diseases or what types of transmission methods applies,” the ruling stated. “Indeed (it) would seem to authorize revoking a permit if a cameraman were working with a cold.” Judge Pregerson also restricted the power of the county to enter and inspect any location where filming is taking place, but permitted the county to obtain warrants to enforce Measure B. In summary, the key requirements of the measure are still in place, but enforcement will be difficult. AHF considers the decision a victory, but the Department of Public Health does not appear certain of how to proceed.
The most recent attempt to resolve the issue was a statewide ballot initiative, Proposition 60, on the general election ballot on November 8, 2016. Again the AIDS Healthcare Foundation was the sponsor, with Beyond AIDS a strong supporter mentioned in the voter booklet as well as in some TV ads. This initiative would have applied statewide, requiring condom use for filming of sexual intercourse, and requiring producers to pay for vaccinations, medical examinations, and HIV/STD testing of actors. One controversial provision would have allowed citizens to sue if non-compliance were discovered. This arose from frustration about the failure of Los Angeles authorities to enforce the ballot initiative that had passed there. Both political parties and the California Medical Association opposed the initiative, partly because of that litigation wording. It failed to pass, garnering only 46% of the vote (about 6 million in favor, vs. 7 million against).
Cal-OSHA's Moribund Regulatory Efforts:
As of December 1, 2016, Cal/OSHA has not yet issued final regulations over 6 years after a
series of hearings. A new draft state standard was developed in 2013, but was not considered as
an official rulemaking proposal and not sent out for public comment.
The draft regulations developed so far focus heavily on condoms and
other infection control protection (including immunization), but ignore
the issue of periodic screening tests. Testing would only be required as
part of post-exposure evaluation. The agency has explained at hearings
that its mandate is limited to the types of protection originally
authorized by federal OSHA for health care workers and delegated within
the state of California to Cal/OSHA, such as barrier protection,
personal protective equipment, engineering controls, and immunization.
In fall 2016, Cal/OSHA, after another three years of delay, was planning
another hearing, but it was cancelled pending the results of
Proposition 60 in
the November 8 election. Cal/OSHA claims to have authority to issue
regulations and/or to issue citations for unsafe practices, based on the
existing state and federal bloodborne pathogen standards. With the failure of the ballot proposition, the ball would appear to be in Cal/OSHA's court.
